In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) renamed monkeypox to "mpox" due to concerns that the original name could be seen as discriminatory and racist. Mpox is an infectious viral disease that has affected over 99,518 people worldwide, with 58 reported deaths so far. The WHO stated that "mpox" would be the new preferred name, and both "monkeypox" and "mpox" would be used for the next year as the old name is phased out.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), first discovered in 1958 in monkeys used for research in Denmark. It belongs to the same virus family as smallpox and cowpox, which are known for their potential severity if not controlled. Mpox has two distinct groups, clade I (subclades Ia and Ib) and clade II (subclades IIa and IIb). Although the natural reservoir (primary host) of the virus is still unknown, mammals such as squirrels and monkeys are known to be susceptible.
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Mpox Virus 3D Image
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Transmission of Mpox
Mpox spreads through direct physical contact or inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected person. The outbreak in May 2022 was linked to sexual networks, particularly among those engaging in nontraditional sexual practices and multiple partners. Although the global outbreak primarily affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, it is not limited to this group. Mpox quickly spread across Europe, the Americas, and all six WHO regions.
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Mpox Infected People Data as on 27 Feb 2024
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Signs and symptoms
Mpox causes painful rashes, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headaches, muscle aches, back pain, and low energy. Some people may develop multiple skin lesions on different parts of the body, including the palms, face, groin, genital areas, and anus. While most people recover, some may become severely ill and may die. Symptoms usually appear within a week after exposure and last for 14 to 28 days, though they may last longer in individuals with weakened immune systems.
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Mpox Lesions
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Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosing mpox can be challenging because it resembles other infections and conditions. It's important to differentiate mpox from chickenpox, measles, and bacterial skin infections. Adults with mpox may also have other sexually transmitted infections like syphilis or herpes, while children with mpox might also have chickenpox. Accurate testing is crucial for proper treatment.
Testing for mpox is done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which detects the virus's DNA. The best samples are taken directly from rashes through vigorous swabbing of the skin, fluid, or crusts. If no skin lesions are present, swabs from the throat or anus can be used. Blood tests are not recommended, and antibody tests may not be useful since they can't differentiate between mpox and other similar viruses.
India has developed an Indigenous RT-PCR kit for the early detection of the mpox virus. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like rash and pain and preventing complications. Although antiviral treatments are being used in various countries, there is no proven effective antiviral treatment for mpox at this time.
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Mpox RT-PCR kit India
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Prevention and vaccination
To prevent spreading mpox to others, infected individuals should isolate at home or in the hospital until they are no longer contagious (from the onset of symptoms until the sores heal and scabs fall off). Covering sores and wearing a well-fitting mask around others can also help reduce the spread.
Using condoms during sex can lower the risk of contracting mpox, but it won't fully prevent transmission through skin-to-skin or mouth-to-skin contact. After recovery, it's important to continue using condoms for 12 weeks (about 3 months) as a precaution.
The Serum Institute of India (SII), known for developing the COVISHIELD vaccine for COVID-19, is now working on a mpox vaccine in India.
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Mpox vaccination
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