Migration from India to foreign countries has witnessed a significant surge in recent decades, driven by various factors ranging from economic opportunities to educational pursuits. Indians are migrating abroad due to economic prospects, educational aspirations, and quality of life factors. Globalisation attracts them to countries offering better job opportunities and higher wages, while access to world-class universities motivates them to pursue higher education overseas.

Due to lax immigration laws and the popularity of nations with prestigious educational institutions like the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, Indian students are increasingly choosing to pursue their education abroad, which has led to a significant increase in overseas enrollment since 1965. India significantly contributes to the immigrant population in various countries, with the United States hosting 2.7 million Indian immigrants as of 2021. Other popular destinations for Indian migrants include the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Oman.

Students prefer studying abroad due to its access to top-ranked universities offering diverse courses and research opportunities, exposure to different cultures, languages, and perspectives, and enhanced career prospects through global networking and exposure to international job markets.

Indian migrants to foreign countries 3

Cultural and lifestyle differences between India and foreign countries 

  • Economic Opportunities: Many foreign countries offer higher salaries, better job prospects, and a more robust economy compared to India. This attracts Indian professionals seeking better career opportunities and financial stability.
  • Quality of Life: Foreign countries often provide a higher quality of life with better infrastructure, healthcare, education, and overall living standards. This can be appealing to Indians seeking a more comfortable and secure lifestyle for themselves and their families.
  • Cultural Diversity and Acceptance: Foreign countries are known for their cultural diversity and tolerance, which can be attractive to Indians looking to experience different cultures, lifestyles, and perspectives without facing the same level of societal restrictions or biases they may encounter in India.
  • Educational Opportunities: Many Indians migrate to foreign countries for higher education due to the availability of prestigious universities and specialized programs that may not be accessible in India. This can lead to better career prospects and personal growth.
  • Work-Life Balance: Some foreign countries prioritize work-life balance, offering more leisure time, flexible working hours, and vacation days compared to the demanding work culture often found in India. This appeals to Indians seeking a better balance between their professional and personal lives.
  • Freedom and Individual Rights: Foreign countries often provide greater freedom of speech, expression, and individual rights compared to India, which can be appealing to those seeking to live in a more liberal and democratic society.
  • Environmental Factors: Some Indians migrate to foreign countries for cleaner air, better environmental conditions, and access to natural landscapes and outdoor activities that may be limited or unavailable in densely populated and polluted areas of India.
  • Technological Advancements: Foreign countries may offer access to advanced technology, innovation, and infrastructure that can enhance both professional and personal development, attracting Indians with a desire to be part of cutting-edge industries and advancements.

Lack of Opportunities in India That Other Countries

The lack of opportunities in India compared to what other countries provide is a significant factor driving Indian migration. India's job market and infrastructure challenges, including limited specialised job opportunities and inadequate infrastructure, drive skilled professionals to seek employment abroad for professional growth and development. Migrants in India must adapt to cultural nuances and lifestyle changes, including work-life balance, social norms, and access to amenities, which can present both challenges and opportunities for them in their new host countries.

Indians permanently settle abroad due to stable employment, social networks, and career prospects in host countries, but challenges in reintegrating into the Indian socio-economic landscape deter return migration. Despite the challenges, many Indian migrants find success and fulfilment in their new countries, contributing to the local economy and society. Additionally, advancements in technology and communication have made it easier for them to stay connected with their roots and loved ones back home.

Indian migrants to foreign countries Indian migrants to foreign countries 2

Country-wise migrants from India to other countries in 2021 

Here are the approximate numbers of Indian migrants to some popular destinations:

  • United States: It's estimated that around 160,000 Indians migrated to the United States in 2021, making it one of the top destinations for Indian migrants.
  • Canada: Approximately 55,000 Indians migrated to Canada in 2021, attracted by the country's favourable immigration policies and economic opportunities.
  • United Arab Emirates: The UAE continues to be a popular destination for Indian migrants, with around 60,000 Indians moving there in 2021 for employment opportunities, especially in sectors like construction, hospitality, and information technology.
  • Australia: Around 30,000 Indians migrated to Australia in 2021, attracted by its high quality of life, robust economy, and skilled migration pathways.
  • United Kingdom: Approximately 25,000 Indians migrated to the United Kingdom in 2021, with many seeking employment, education, or family reunification.
  • Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia remains a significant destination for Indian migrants, with approximately 750,000 Indians moving there in 2021 for employment opportunities in various sectors such as construction, healthcare, and information technology.
  • Oman: Around 200,000 Indians migrated to Oman in 2021, primarily for employment opportunities in sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and services.
  • Qatar: Qatar attracted approximately 250,000 Indian migrants in 2021, with many seeking employment opportunities in sectors like construction, engineering, and finance. The number of Indian migrants to these destinations is expected to double from 2021 to 2024

*Please note that these numbers are approximate and may vary depending on different sources and methodologies used for estimation.

Benefits of Migration to Other Countries

Migration offers several advantages to individuals and host countries alike:

  • Economic prosperity through contributions to the workforce and innovation.
  • Access to advanced technology, healthcare facilities, and infrastructure enhances quality of life.
  • Cultural exchange and diversity enrich societies, fostering tolerance and understanding.

The Case of Students Who Never Return

Indian students studying abroad stay for career opportunities, personal growth, and exposure to diverse cultures. However, challenges in re-adapting to Indian education and the job market deter return migration, as integration into the host country offers stability. Permanent migration provides stability and citizenship through investment programmes, family reunification schemes, and employment-based pathways, attracting skilled professionals to settle abroad. These individuals contribute to the host country's economy and society, bringing valuable skills and perspectives. Ultimately, the decision to return or permanently settle abroad depends on personal goals and opportunities available in both countries.

The rapid increase in Indian migration to foreign countries reflects the evolving global landscape and the aspirations of individuals seeking better opportunities and experiences. While migration offers numerous benefits, it also poses challenges and raises questions about identity, integration, and socio-economic implications.